Question 1

By middle childhood,boys' choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests,whereas girls' choices of companions tend to be based more on

Accepted Answer

A)  looks.
B)  social class.
C)  personality.
D)  parents' choices.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 2

Recent research indicates that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time than children who spend less time in same-gender groups.This process is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A)  social competence process.
B)  degrouping effect.
C)  social impact process.
D)  social dosage effect.E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 3

What is the sex chromosome configuration for children who have the condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) ?

Accepted Answer

A)  YY
B)  XY
C)  XX
D)  XXYE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 4

One way to assess children's status among their peers is to ask each child in a classroom to choose which other children he or she would most like to sit next to or to do various things with,and which other children he or she would least like to do these things with.This technique is called

Accepted Answer

A)  meta-analysis.
B)  social dosage technique.
C)  resilience assessment.
D)  sociometry.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 5

The term degrouping refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  a strategy for solving math problems that boys often learn but girls do not.
B)  a trend in middle adolescence for cliques to decline in importance.
C)  a therapeutic intervention that requires children or adolescents to mix with members of a different crowd from their usual one.
D)  the rejection of a crowd member for violating the norms of the group.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 6

When elementary school children are free to choose whomever they wish to play with,the most consistent finding is that they will choose

Accepted Answer

A)  same sex playmates.
B)  opposite sex playmates.
C)  either same sex or opposite sex playmates equally often.
D)  playmates they believe their teachers or parents wish for them to play with.E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 7

As a toddler,Joey loved to "dance" with his mother and his sisters,twirling around the house to music.By age 5,Joey refused to dance anymore,saying that dancing was for girls.His mother felt that he really wanted to dance but that he just wouldn't.How would a cognitive theorist explain Joey's attitude toward dancing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Joey was forced to stop dancing by the taunting of his male friends.
B)  Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.
C)  Joey now identifies with his father and will only do things his father does.
D)  Joey secretly hates his mother and wishes to punish her.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

Biological females with two X chromosomes are sometimes born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) ,which causes their external genitalia to appear more like those of a male.They may be misidentified at birth and raised as males.If the correct identification is not made before age 3,physicians often advise parents to continue raising the child as a boy,because the child's gender identity may be difficult to change after age 3.The experiences of CAH girls and other gender atypical children have helped demonstrate that

Accepted Answer

A)  social assignment is a powerful influence on gender identity.
B)  genes are the most powerful influence on gender identity.
C)  biology has no influence on gender identity.
D)  boys are more highly valued than girls.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 9

Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender.What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gender stability
B)  Gender allegiance
C)  Gender constancy
D)  Gender rolesE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 10

Research indicates that sex role development usually proceeds normally in single parent families as well as in the more traditional dual parent families.These findings are not consistent with predictions from what type of theory about how sex differences develop?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive theories
B)  Psychoanalytic (Freudian) theories
C)  Social learning theories
D)  Biological theoriesE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 11

Based on sociometric categories,which students receive few positive and few negative nominations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Controversial children
B)  Rejected children
C)  Neglected children
D)  Average childrenE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 12

What is the birth ratio of males to females?

Accepted Answer

A)  Equal number of males and females
B)  105 males to 100 females
C)  110 females to 100 males
D)  4 females to 5 malesE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 13

Describe at least two theories of how parenting might influence the development of sex differences in childhood.Discuss the evidence for and against these theories.

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that traditional family structure-mother as primary caregiver,father as her sexual partner and a strong presence in the home-should be necessary for children to experience normal gender role development.Yet,gender role development is not impeded in children who come from single-parent homes,nor even in children who come from homes where both parents are the same gender .
Freud argued that at about age 3,children begin to have vague sexual needs that impact how they relate differently to their mothers and fathers.In brief,boys experience attraction to their mothers and competition with their fathers that motivates them to identify with and imitate their fathers while girls similarly identify with and imitate their mothers.Thus,both boys and girls become gender-typed in their behavior and form a superego.Although many aspects of Freud's tale of sexual desire,competition,and fear in young children have become deeply embedded in our culture,efforts to validate the theory have been unsuccessful.
Social learning theorists argue that many parents and other adults influence children's gender-typed behaviors,both by modeling such behaviors and by differential treatment of boys and girls that teaches them to behave in gendered ways.
What evidence is there that adults actually do behave differently toward children based on gender? First,we should note that in many ways,boys and girls are not treated differently.Meta-analyses indicate no differences in how much parents interact with their sons and daughters,in how much parents encourage them to achieve,in how much parents encourage help seeking,in how much warmth or responsiveness parents show,or in how effectively parents communicate or reason with them .
However,there are some important differences in parental behaviors.In what have been dubbed "Baby X" studies,adult participants interact with a baby they do not know .

Question 14

A child's social preference score is based on ____________,and their social impact scores are based on ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive nominations / positive plus negative nominations
B)  positive nominations / negative nominations
C)  neutral nominations / positive nominations
D)  peer evaluations / teacher evaluationsE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

What factor or characteristic in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Male domination
B)  Egalitarianism
C)  Industrialization
D)  UrbanizationE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 16

With regard to differences between males and females in math skills,which of the following is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Males on the average do somewhat better than females in all areas of math skill testing.
B)  These differences have changed historically,and there is now little difference before grade 12.
C)  Boys are on the average better than girls on math computations in elementary school and early adolescence.
D)  Girls are on the average better than boys on math problem solving after puberty.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B) B

Question 17

Counseling young boys requires sensitivity to society's "boy code" and may require special strategies for putting boys at ease in the counseling context.What is the boy code? What strategies might be especially helpful for overcoming this code?

Accepted Answer

Counseling young boys requires sensitivi...

Question 18

Which of the following is more typical of boys' sex-segregated groups than of girls' sex-segregated groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  Boys negotiate more in their groups.
B)  Boys engage in more rough-and-tumble play in their groups.
C)  Boys switch leadership roles more often when they play in groups.
D)  Boys' groups tend to be smaller than girls' groups.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 19

Counselors need to recognize that girls' antisocial behavior in late childhood

Accepted Answer

A)  is likely to include non-confrontational relational aggressive behaviors.
B)  has not been linked to later anxiety and depression.
C)  is unlikely to have long-term negative consequences.
D)  is a result of particular challenges faced by girls.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D) A

Question 20

In the Primary Mental Health Project begun in 1958 in Monroe County,New York,1st graders were evaluated in a variety of ways in order to determine which early risk factor might predict later maladjustment.Of all the assessments done on those first graders,which one was the best predictor of mental health problems later?

Accepted Answer

A)  Teachers' assessments of classroom conduct
B)  Personality tests
C)  School attendance records
D)  Nomination by peers for negative roles in a class playE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Exam 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

By middle childhood,boys' choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests,whereas girls' choices of companions tend to be based more on

Correct Answer
verified

Recent research indicates that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time than children who spend less time in same-gender groups.This process is referred to as the

Correct Answer
verified

What is the sex chromosome configuration for children who have the condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) ?

Correct Answer
verified

One way to assess children's status among their peers is to ask each child in a classroom to choose which other children he or she would most like to sit next to or to do various things with,and which other children he or she would least like to do these things with.This technique is called

Correct Answer
verified

The term degrouping refers to

Correct Answer
verified

When elementary school children are free to choose whomever they wish to play with,the most consistent finding is that they will choose

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender.What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership?

Correct Answer
verified

Research indicates that sex role development usually proceeds normally in single parent families as well as in the more traditional dual parent families.These findings are not consistent with predictions from what type of theory about how sex differences develop?

Correct Answer
verified

Based on sociometric categories,which students receive few positive and few negative nominations?

Correct Answer
verified

What is the birth ratio of males to females?

Correct Answer
verified

Describe at least two theories of how parenting might influence the development of sex differences in childhood.Discuss the evidence for and against these theories.

A child's social preference score is based on ,and their social impact scores are based on .

Correct Answer
verified

What factor or characteristic in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior?

Correct Answer
verified

With regard to differences between males and females in math skills,which of the following is correct?

Correct Answer
verified
B

Counseling young boys requires sensitivity to society's "boy code" and may require special strategies for putting boys at ease in the counseling context.What is the boy code? What strategies might be especially helpful for overcoming this code?

Correct Answer
verified
Counseling young boys requires sensitivi...
View Answer

Which of the following is more typical of boys' sex-segregated groups than of girls' sex-segregated groups?

Correct Answer
verified

Counselors need to recognize that girls' antisocial behavior in late childhood

Correct Answer
verified
A

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

By middle childhood,boys' choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests,whereas girls' choices of companions tend to be based more on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Recent research indicates that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time than children who spend less time in same-gender groups.This process is referred to as the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the sex chromosome configuration for children who have the condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One way to assess children's status among their peers is to ask each child in a classroom to choose which other children he or she would most like to sit next to or to do various things with,and which other children he or she would least like to do these things with.This technique is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The term degrouping refers to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When elementary school children are free to choose whomever they wish to play with,the most consistent finding is that they will choose

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender.What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research indicates that sex role development usually proceeds normally in single parent families as well as in the more traditional dual parent families.These findings are not consistent with predictions from what type of theory about how sex differences develop?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Based on sociometric categories,which students receive few positive and few negative nominations?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the birth ratio of males to females?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe at least two theories of how parenting might influence the development of sex differences in childhood.Discuss the evidence for and against these theories.

A child's social preference score is based on ____________,and their social impact scores are based on ____________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What factor or characteristic in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

With regard to differences between males and females in math skills,which of the following is correct?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Counseling young boys requires sensitivity to society's "boy code" and may require special strategies for putting boys at ease in the counseling context.What is the boy code? What strategies might be especially helpful for overcoming this code?

Correct AnswerverifiedCounseling young boys requires sensitivi...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following is more typical of boys' sex-segregated groups than of girls' sex-segregated groups?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Counselors need to recognize that girls' antisocial behavior in late childhood

Correct AnswerverifiedA

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A child's social preference score is based on ,and their social impact scores are based on .

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B

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Counseling young boys requires sensitivi...
View Answer

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A

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